Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the degradability of fermented apple pomace as protein concentrate in the rumen by measuring in vitro gas production of four diets based on corn stubble as fodder and mixtures of different proportions of fermented apple pomace and cottonseed meal in the concentrate. The degradability kinetics parameters showed a linear trend for A (p < 0.05). We conclude that fermented apple pomace, when combined with corn stubble in substitution of cottonseed meal, has a negative effect on fermentation patterns in terms of gas production from the diet, delaying the average time for gas production, and the production rate affects the ruminal degradability of feed in sheep.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la degradabilidad de la manzarina como concentrado proteico mediante degradación ruminal in vitro por producción de gas de cuatro dietas a base de rastrojo de maíz como forraje y mezclas de diferentes proporciones de manzarina y harinolina en el concentrado. Los parámetros de cinética de degradabilidad mostraron una tendencia lineal para A (p < 0.05). Se concluyó que la manzarina cuando se utiliza con rastrojo de maíz en substitución de harinolina, los patrones de fermentación en términos de producción de gas de la dieta se afectan de forma negativa retrasando el tiempo medio de producción de gas y la tasa de producción afectando la degradabilidad ruminal de las raciones para ovinos.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the inclusion of two qualities of Mexican oregano oil (MOO) in broiler diets on broiler weight, feed intake, feed efficiency, average daily gain, and water intake. The qualities were MOO1 (4% thymol, 60% carvacrol) and MOO2 (40% thymol, 20% carvacrol). Nine treatments were prepared by the combinations of MOO1 + MOO2 (0, 400, and 800 mg kg−1; added per kg of feed) respectively: 0+0, 0+400, 0+800, 400+0, 400+400, 400+800, 800+0, 800+400, and 800+800. Eighteen chicks per treatment were divided in a completely randomized design into nine cages. Broiler weights were altered by the treatments at 21 d, when 400+400 had the highest weight, and on day 39, when the greatest weight was seen in broilers on treatments 800+0 and 800+400. Feed intake was affected by treatment on day 39, with broilers on 800+0 exhibiting the highest values. Water intake was influenced by the treatments on days 14, 21, 35, and 39, when 0+0 represented the lowest. Feed efficiency was altered by the treatments on days 14, 28, 35, and 39, whereas average daily gain was affected from days 14 to 39. Supplementation of Mexican oregano oil has beneficial effects on broiler weight, feed efficiency, average daily gain, and feed and water intakes. Combinations of thymol and carvacrol levels have varying effects on these parameters. The higher relative body weights of groups 400+0, 800+0, and 800+400 suggest positive market value effects of these combinations of Mexican oregano oil.

Se desarrolló un experimento con Tithonia diversifolia, con diferentes edades de corte, para determinar el efecto de la edad en la capacidad fermentativa in vitro y en la dinámica de degradación ruminal in situ de su materia seca. Para el estudio in vitro se utilizaron tiempos de 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 y 96 h de fermentación, mientras que para la prueba in situ se realizaron muestreos a las 6, 12, 36, 48 y 72 h. Los resultados de la fermentación se ajustaron al modelo exponencial. El comportamiento cinético in vitro se caracterizó por un incremento de la producción de gases con el tiempo de exposición de las muestras al ataque de microorganismos, con valores de 36,03 32,12 34,12 37,11 y 34,7 a las 96 h para 30, 50, 70, 90 y 110 d de rebrote, respectivamente, con mayores valores en producción de gases a 90 h. La evolución en la dinámica de degradación ruminal in situ de la MS mostró un aumento progresivo de tipo asintótico, mientras que los valores de degradabilidad efectiva de MS para diferentes constantes de velocidad de recambio ruminal (k = 0,03 0,044 y 0,05 %/h) tuvieron un comportamiento similar en todos los nutrientes y oscilaron entre 46,39-60,46; 42,40-56,23; 41,75-53,86 y 41,18-53,31 para 30, 50, 70 y 90 d de rebrote, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos permiten sugerir, por los estudios in vitro e in situ, que edades entre 70 y 90 d son las que permiten un mayor aprovechamiento de los nutrientes por el animal. Estudios in vivo se hacen necesarios para avalar esta hipótesis, considerando diferentes niveles de inclusión de este arbusto en las dietas de los rumiantes.

An experiment was conducted with Tithonia diversifolia, at different harvesting ages to determine the effect of age on the in vitro fermentation capacity and on the in situ dry matter dynamic of ruminal degradation. For the in vitro study there were utilized incubation times of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of fermentation, meanwhile for the in situ study, samplings were taken at 6, 12, 36, 48, and 72 h. Fermentation data were adjusted to the exponential model. In vitro kinetics performance showed an increment in the gas production as samples were exposed to attack of the microorganisms with values of 36.03, 32.12, 34.12, 37.11 and 34.7 at 98h for 30, 50, 70, 90, and 110 d of growing respectively, with higher values of gas production at 90 h. Dynamics of in situ dry matter ruminal degradation showed an asymptotic type of progressive increment, meanwhile data for dry matter effective degradability for different constants of ruminal turnover rate (k = 0.03, 0.044, and 0.05 %/h) had a similar performance in all nutrients, varying between 46.39-60.46, 42.40-56.23, 41.75-53.86, and 41.18-53.31 for 30, 50, 70, and 90d of growing, respectively. Results obtained suggested, according to the in vitro and in situ studies, that ages between 70 and 90d allow a great use of the nutrients by the animal. It is necessary to perform in vivo studies to confirm this hypothesis, considering inclusion of different levels of the plant in the diet of ruminants.